Polyester resins with particular carbon black as a reheat additive in the production of stretch blow molded bottles and containers

ABSTRACT

Provided is a polyester or co-polyester resin used in the manufacture of preforms suitable for making bottles and containers containing a carbon black, particularly lamp black carbon black, with a primary particle size in a range of from 100 to 160 nanometers.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the improved reheat temperature,clarity, and color of preforms, and subsequently bottles and containers,made from polyethylene terephthalate resins by adding a carbon black,preferably lamp black carbon black (also called Pigment Black 6), with aparticle size of 100 to 160 nanometers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Because of their strength, heat resistance, and chemical resistance,polyester containers, films, and fibers are an integral component innumerous consumer products manufactured worldwide. In this regard, mostcommercial polyester used for containers, films, and fibers ispolyethylene terephthalate polyester (or PET).

Polyester resins, especially polyethylene terephthalate and itscopolyesters, are also widely used to produce rigid packaging, such asfood and beverage containers. Polyester containers produced bystretch-blow molding possess outstanding strength and shatterresistance, and have excellent gas barrier and organoleptic properties.Consequently, such light-weight plastics have virtually replaced glassin packaging numerous consumer products (e.g., carbonated soft drinks,water, fruit juices, and peanut butter).

In conventional processes for making polyester container resins,modified polyethylene terephthalate resin is polymerized in the meltphase to an intrinsic viscosity of about 0.6 deciliters per gram (dl/g),whereupon it is further polymerized in the solid phase to achieve ahigher intrinsic viscosity that is better suited to container formation.Thereafter, the polyethylene terephthalate may be injection molded intopreforms, which in turn may be stretch-blow molded into bottles or othercontainers.

To achieve fast production rates in the stretch-blow molding process,the preforms are heated in an infrared oven. The use of additives thatabsorb infrared radiation speed the heating of the preforms allowing forfaster production rates. Unfortunately, these additives reduce the L*color of the preforms, causing them to appear darker. Reheat additivescan also make the preforms appear cloudier or hazier, which is notdesired in the industry.

Therefore, there is a need for polyethylene terephthalate resincontaining a reheat additive that can maintain a high L* color value inpreforms while maintaining good clarity and a fast reheat.

The production of preforms to be stretch-blow molded into bottles orcontainers benefits from the use of an infrared absorbing additive toimprove the cycle time in the manufacturing process. The prior art forreheat additives includes carbon blacks with a particle size between 10and 500 nanometers (Pengilly: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,408,400; 4,476,272,4,535,118), metallic antimony particles from residual catalyst (Tindale:U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,149,936 and 5,529,744), and others well known in theart. These include, but are not limited to, black iron oxide, ironphosphide, copper chromite spinel, and titanium nitride. Each of thereheat additives absorbs infrared radiation to improve the heating rateof preforms in the stretch blow molding process. However, each additive,to some degree, reduces the L* color value of the preform making thepreform darker. These additives also increase the haze in the preformmaking the preforms cloudier.

The Pengilly patents (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,408,400; 4,476,272; and4,535,118) state that the preferred mode of the invention is to useeither a furnace or channel carbon black with a primary particle size of15 to 30 nanometers. The preferred additive concentration has been givenas 1.5 to 3.5 parts by weight per million parts by weight of polyesterresin.

The different types of carbon blacks are not referenced in the Pengillypatents. There are many different types of carbons, each with specificranges of particle sizes and characteristics. Several common carbonblack types include furnace, thermal, channel, lamp black, and bonecarbon black.

Harrison et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 7,816,436) describe the use of thermal orfurnace carbon blacks in PET and PP preforms, wherein the preferredparticle size of the carbon black particles is in a range of 200 to 500nanometers, preferably 250 to 300 nm, in an amount of 3 to 50 ppm, toimprove reheat performance. They do not discuss other types of carbonblack materials.

Of the above carbon black materials, the furnace carbon black is by farthe most common and widely manufactured. The furnace and channel carbonblacks are materials with a primary particle size range from 5 to 100nanometers. The process typically uses aromatic oils as feedstock. Thethermal carbon blacks have much larger particle sizes between roughly250 and 340 nanometers. The thermal carbon blacks are made from naturalgas by cracking away hydrogen against heated refractory bricks in a dualreactor system. Lamp black carbon black forms a distinct species ofcarbon black with a primary particle size from 100 to 160 nanometers.The lamp black carbon black is typically produced by burning high puritywaxes and/or oils and collecting the soot. The lamp black process is oneof the oldest processes known for forming carbon black.

We have found that an optimum exists for maximizing preform reheattemperature while maintaining good preform clarity and L* color value.Surprisingly, the carbon blacks which an average particle size in arange of from 100 to 160 nanometers, particularly lamp black carbonblacks, provide a faster reheat than the furnace carbon blacks, but showan improvement in haze at equivalent reheat temperatures compared to thethermal carbon blacks. Particularly, this invention has shown that alamp black carbon black with a particle size range between 100 and 160nanometers yields a fast reheat rate with excellent L* color andclarity.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of this invention to provide a polyester resin to makepreforms, and subsequently bottles and other containers that yield afast stretch-blow molding cycle time through the use of a carbon black,particularly lamp black carbon black, reheat additive. Such a reheatadditive provides the fast reheat with a high L* color value and goodclarity compared to other reheat mechanisms.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the relationship between preform reheat temperature andpreform L* color value for each of the carbon black types at twodifferent concentrations.

FIG. 2 shows the % haze value for preforms with each of the reheatadditive types and concentrations.

FIG. 3 shows the L* color value for preforms with each of the reheatadditive types and concentrations.

FIG. 4 shows the preform reheat temperature value for preforms with eachof the reheat additive types and concentrations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Polyester and/or co-polyester comprising preforms having a carbon blackadditive, preferably lamp black carbon black, with an average particlediameter in a range of from 100 to 160 nanometers demonstrate acombination of effective reheat temperatures at the exit of infraredovens in the stretch blow molding process with exceptional color andclarity. Lamp black carbon black is typically made from high purityparaffin wax or oils. Lamp black carbon black is also referred to aspigment black 6.

In a preferred embodiment of this invention, a polyester or co-polyesterresin composition is provided, comprising a polyester or co-polyesterresin and a carbon black with an average primary particle size in arange of 100 to 160 nanometers. The average primary particle size of thecarbon black, according to other embodiments, may be in a range of 102to 150 nm, or preferably in a range of 105 to 145 nm, more preferably106 to 130 nm, 107 to 125 nm, 108 to 120 nm, 109 to 115 nm, 109.5 to112.5 nm, or about 110 nm. Preferable average primary particle sizesinclude any whole, half or quarter integer between 100 and 160 nm, i.e.100.25, 100.5, 100.75, 101, . . . 159.5, 159.75, and 160. In a preferredembodiment of the invention, the carbon black is a lamp black carbonblack. The primary particles may also be present in the form ofagglomerates.

The composition is preferably one in which the carbon black is comprisedin the resin at a concentration in a range of 1 ppm to 20 ppm, morepreferably, 2 to 10 ppm, more preferably, 5 to 8 ppm, more preferably6.5 to 7.5 ppm, most preferably about 7 ppm or exactly 7 ppm, by weightof the resin. Other preferred embodiments may comprise a minimum of 3,4, 6, 10, or 15 ppm. Further embodiments may comprise a maximum of 19,17, 14, 12, or 11 ppm carbon black. The preferred relative amount ofcarbon black may vary based on the particular resin used. The carbonblack is preferably a lamp black carbon black, preferably produced bythe lamp black process, and is also referred to as (CI) Pigment Black 6or CI: 77266.

The carbon black may be added in powder form or in the form of a mixturein a liquid, e.g. a dilute slurry, a suspension, or a dispersion.Examples of dispersions are FLAMRUSS 101® or LAMP BLACK 101® lamp blackcarbon black from Degussa, now Orion Engineered Carbons, while otherforms of lamp black carbon black sold as trademarked products includeCARBON BLACK BY® and CARBON BLACK V®, DUREX®, EAGLE GERMANTOWN®,MAGECOL®, TINOLITE®, and TORCH BRAND®. The mixture of the carbon blackin liquid, such as in a dilute slurry, a suspension, or a dispersion,may be aqueous or in an alcohol, such as ethylene glycol. There areessentially no limits on the concentration of useful mixtures of carbonblack in liquid, but preference in some circumstances may be given todispersions of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, or anycombination of these up to, and including, 100 wt. % pigment indispersant, while in other circumstances dilute slurries may bepreferred, i.e. with a concentration of 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1,0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, of 5 wt. %, or any combination of thesepercentages up to 5 wt %. The concentration of the mixture can beadjusted for convenience of addition to the resin and/or prepolymer.

The carbon black may be added to the resin as a masterbatch resincomposition comprising polymer and the carbon black additive, which canbe blended with further polymer or copolymer resins. The carbon blackmay also be added to oligomeric or prepolymer polyester or co-polyesterprecursors or pastes. The addition can be made at any stage up throughthe completion of the polycondensation.

One method of combining the carbon black with the resin is a process inwhich a powder of the carbon black is added to a ground resin, in eithersolid, partially molten, or molten form, generally with eitherconcurrent or subsequent mixing, to produce a master batch of resincomprising the carbon black. Another method of combining the carbonblack with the resin is to add a dispersion of the carbon black to amolten resin at any point up through the completion of thepolycondensation, but generally before the ultimate desired viscosity isreached. This addition occurs preferentially before the last point inthe process at which glycol (or other dispersant solvent) can beremoved, in order to permit removal of the liquid (e.g. glycol)introduced with the carbon black mixture (e.g. dilute slurry,suspension, or dispersion) from the resin and maintain the desiredviscosity. The combining may be carried out in either a batchwise orcontinuous manner. The mixing may be carried out in any mannersufficient to provide a satisfactory distribution of the carbon blackparticles in the resin for adequate reheat and color properties.

The polyester or co-polyester resin can essentially include any knownmonomer composition in the art, as long at the ultimate polymer issuitable for use as bottle or container preforms, either by itself orafter blending it with one or more further polymers and/or copolymers.The composition according to the invention may comprises at least 75,85, 90, 95, 97, 98, 99, 99.5, 99.8, or 99.9 wt. % of polyester resin, orat least 75, 85, 90, 95, 97, 98, 99, 99.5, 99.8, or 99.9 wt. % ofco-polyester resin, or 100 wt. % of either, based on a weight of thetotal polymer components of the composition. The composition may includeone or more further polymer resin components, such as polyamides,polyolefins, and/or polycarbonates. The total amount of resin in thecomposition, based on the weight of all components in the composition,may be at least 50 wt. %, or preferably a minimum of 60, 70, 75, 80, 85,90, 92.5, 95, 96, 97, 97.5, 98, 98.5, 99, 99.25, 99.5, 99.75, 99.8,99.85, 99.9, 99.99, 99.995, 99.996, 99.997, 99.9975, 99.9976, 99.9977,99.9978, 99.9979, or 99.998, 99.9981, 99.9982, 99.9983, 99.9984,99.9985, 99.9986, 99.9987, 99.9988, 99.9989, and any fraction ofhundred-thousandths up to 99.9999 wt. %, delimited by at least theamount of carbon black in the composition.

One embodiment of the invention includes resins which have been producedby reacting monomer units of a diol and a dicarboxylic acid to form apolyester having the reacted monomer units present in an equimolar ornearly equimolar quantity. In a preferred embodiment the diol and thedicarboxylic acid material are reacted to form a polymer having themonomer units present in approximately equimolar quantities. The dioland the dicarboxylic acid may also be reacted in amounts that are notexactly equimolar in quantity. For example, the diol may be present ingreater quantities than the dicarboxylic acid. During thepolycondensation reaction, the excess diol is typically then removedunder heat at reduced pressure.

Suitable polyesters useful in the compositions of the invention are wellknown in the art and are generally formed from repeat units comprisingone or more carboxylic acid components selected from terephthalic acid(TPA), isophthalic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid,dimethyl-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate (NDC), hydrolyzed2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (HNDA), and one or more diol componentsselected from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol,1,4-cyclohexane-dimethanol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, propyleneglycol (1,2-propanediol), 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, and2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol (neopentyl glycol) and mixtures thereof.Preferred polyesters of the present invention include poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), poly(ethyleneisophthalate) (PEI), and poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT),poly(trimethylene naphthalate) (PTN), most preferably poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET).

The polyesters of the present invention can be made using processes wellknown to skilled artisans. Suitable polyesters can be produced in aconventional manner by the reaction of a dicarboxylic acid having 2 to40 carbon atoms, preferably from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferablyfrom 8 to 14 carbon atoms, with one or more polyhydric alcohols such asglycols, diols or polyols, containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms,preferably from 6 to 12 carbon atoms.

The dicarboxylic acid that may be used in certain preferred embodimentsto make polyester-containing compositions according to the inventionincludes alkyl dicarboxylic acids having 2 to 20 carbon atoms preferablyfrom 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and an aryl- or alkyl-substituted aryldicarboxylic acids containing from 8 to 24 carbon atoms, preferably from8 to 16 carbon atoms. Additionally, alkyl dicarboxylic acid diestershaving from 4 to 20 carbon atoms or alkyl-substituted aryl dicarboxylicacid diesters having from 10 to 20 carbon atoms can be used.

The dicarboxylic acid component of the invention polyester mayoptionally be modified with up to 30 mole percent, preferably up to 25mol percent, more preferably up to 20 mol percent of one or moredifferent dicarboxylic acids. In another embodiment of the invention thepolyester is modified with less than 10 mol %, preferably less than 8mol %, most preferably from 3 to 6 mol % of one or more differentdicarboxylic acids. Such additional dicarboxylic acids include aromaticdicarboxylic acids preferably having 8 to 14 carbon atoms, aliphaticdicarboxylic acids preferably having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, orcycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids preferably having 8 to 12 carbonatoms. Another embodiment does not employ additional dicarboxylic acids.

Examples of dicarboxylic acids to be included with terephthalic acid inthe invention resin composition in major or minor proportions includephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (andalso the 1,4-, 1,5-, 2,7-, and 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,6-, 1,7-, 1,8-, 2,3-, 2,4-,2,5-, 2,8-isomers), cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, cyclohexanediaceticacid, diphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid,adipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dibenzoic, hexahydrophthalic,bis-p-carboxy-phenoxyethane, and mixtures thereof and the like.Preferred dicarboxylic acids include isophthalic and terephthalic acids.In a preferred embodiment, these co-monomers may be used individually inamounts of 1% or higher, preferably 2% or higher, more preferably 3% orhigher, most preferably 4% or higher or collectively in amounts of 4% orhigher, preferably 5% or higher, and more preferably 6% or higher.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the polyester matrix resincomprises from 5 to 30 mol % of isophthalic acid and from 1 to 15 mol %of a naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, more preferably from 2 to 10 mol %of the naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, even more preferably from 4 to 8mol % of the naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, in the form of reactedmonomer units.

Terephthalate polyesters for clear container applications are typicallymade from either a terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, or from aterephthalic acid and a 1,4-cyclohexane diol. Suitable dicarboxylicacids include terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, malonic, succinic,glutaric, adipic, suberic, sebacic, maleic and fumaric acid, all ofwhich are well known dicarboxylic acids, or mixtures of these such thata copolyester is produced. Esters of dicarboxylic acids used to make thepolyester or co-polyester may contain one or more C1-C6 alkyl groups(e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl,pentyl, hexyl and mixtures thereof) in the ester unit, for example,dimethyl terephthalate (DMT).

Polyhydric glycols or diols containing from 2 to 8 carbon atoms arepreferred, and those having 2 to 6, 2 to 4, or 2 to 3 carbons are morepreferred. Most preferably the diol includes ethylene glycol. Glycolethers or diol ethers having from 4 to 12 carbon atoms may besubstituted for the glycol or diol. Suitable glycols, in addition toethylene glycol and 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM), include diethyleneglycol, propylene glycol (1,2-propane diol), 1,3-propanediol,2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol (neopentylglycol), 1,2-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, pentaerythritol, similarglycols and diols, and mixtures thereof. These compounds and theprocesses for making polyesters and copolyesters using the compounds areall well known in the art.

In addition, the glycol component may optionally be modified with up to15 mole percent, preferably up to 10 mole percent, more preferably up to5, 4, 2, or 1 mole percent of one or more different diols other thanethylene glycol.

Such additional diols include cycloaliphatic diols preferably having 6to 20 carbon atoms or aliphatic diols preferably having 3 to 20 carbonatoms. Examples of such diols include diethylene glycol, triethyleneglycol, propylene glycol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, propane-1,3-diol,butane-1,4-diol, pentane-1,5-diol, hexane-1,6-diol, hexane-1,4-diol,1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 3-methylpentanediol-(2,4),2-methylpentanediol-(1,4), 2,2,4-trimethylpentanediol-(1,3),2-ethylhexanediol-(1,3), 2,2-diethylpropane-diol-(1,3),hexanediol-(1,3), 1,4-di-(hydroxyethoxy)-benzene,2,2-bis-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-propane,2,4-dihydroxy-1,1,3,3-tetra-methyl-cyclobutane,2,2-bis-(3-hydroxyethoxyphenyl)-propane, neopentyl glycol,2,2-bis-(4-hydroxypropoxyphenyl)-propane, mixtures thereof and the like.

Polyesters may be prepared from two or more of the above diols. Thepolyester may also contain small amounts of trifunctional ortetrafunctional comonomers, such as trimellitic anhydride,trimethylolpropane, pyromellitic dianhydride, pentaerythritol, and otherpolyester forming polyacids or polyols generally known in the art.

The PET compositions of the invention may contain a PET resin thatcontains copolymerized IPA monomer units. The invention encompasses atleast a low-IPA and a high-IPA PET resin. For example, a low-IPAcomposition (i) which contains a PET resin having an amount of IPAmonomer units of up to 6% by mol. In a preferred embodiment the low-IPAPET resin contains up to 5 mol % of IPA monomer units. Most preferably,the low-IPA PET resin contains from 2-4 mol % of polymerized IPA monomerunits based upon the total number of moles dicarboxylic acid monomerunits. Hereinafter, the PET resin containing a low amount of IPA monomerunits is referred to as the low-IPA PET resin. Another PET resin is ahigh-IPA PET resin, for example (ii) high-IPA PET resin wherein IPAmonomer units are present in an amount of from 10-30 mol %, preferablyfrom 15-28%, more preferably from 20-25% and most preferably about 25%by mol based on the total number of moles of dicarboxylic acids in thePET polymer. Other ranges include 10-28%, 12-30%, and all ranges andsub-ranges appearing between and any of 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%,and 26% and/or the above stated ranges.

In another preferred embodiment, the PET compositions of the inventionmay include a PET matrix resin such as the low-IPA resin or the high-IPAresin described above together with one or more additives such as aninorganic filler or a further resin. Preferably, a compositioncomprising the low-IPA resin contains from 2-8% by weight of a resin,where % by weight is based on the total weight of the composition. Morepreferably, the further resin is present in the low-IPA PET matrix resinin an amount of from 3-6% by weight, and even more preferably thefurther resin is present in an amount of from 4-5% by weight.

In another preferred embodiment, the PET composition of the inventioncontains the high-IPA resin as a matrix and a further resin. The furtherresin is preferably present in the matrix of the high-IPA PET resin inan amount of up to 1% by weight, preferably less than 1% by weight, morepreferably up to 0.5% by weight and most preferably less than 0.4% byweight where percent by weight is based on the total weight of thecomposition.

Also, although not required, other additives normally used in polyestersand/or other thermal plastic compositions, may be present in theinvention resin composition. Such additives may include, but are notlimited to, colorants, toners, pigments, glass fibers, fillers, impactmodifiers, antioxidants, stabilizers, flame retardants, reheat aides,acetaldehyde-reducing compounds, oxygen scavengers, barrier enhancingaides and mixtures thereof. Antiblock agents may also be presenttogether with other lubricants. Fillers may include organic or inorganicmaterials, such as clays, or other polymeric materials.

Inorganic filler may be present in the resin an amount of 0.05 to 2.0%by weight based on the total weight of the composition. More preferably,the inorganic filler is present in an amount of 0.1 to 2.0% by weight,even more preferably from 0.5 to 1.5% by weight and most preferably theinorganic filler is present in an amount of about 1% by weight.

An organic filler may preferably be present in an amount of up to 10% byweight. More preferably the organic filler is present in an amount offrom 1 to 8% by weight. Even more preferably the organic filler ispresent in an amount of from 3 to 6% by weight based on the total weightof the composition. Most preferably the organic filler is present in anamount of about 5% by weight.

The polymeric polyester composition (e.g., PET composition) may be mixedwith a polymer filler such as a powdered amide-based polymer (e.g.,nylon) or other thermoplastic materials.

Suitable catalysts for producing resins of this invention can be anycatalyst for polymerizing polyesters, including, but not limited to,catalysts based on antimony, titanium, germanium, or zinc, orcombinations thereof.

The polyester or co-polyester resin used in the present invention, orthe resin composition, may have an intrinsic viscosity (IV) of from 0.60to 0.95, more preferably 0.65 to 0.90, 0.68 to 0.88, 0.75 to 0.85, 0.77to 0.87, or 0.80 to 0.85. In some circumstances, an IV of from 0.72 to0.76 for, e.g., for water bottle applications, or from 0.81 to 0.85,e.g., for CSD/Beer bottles, may be desirable.

The color of the resin or composition may be measured according to theHunter Lab color scale: color L, color b, and color a, or the CIE colorscale: color L*, color b*, and color a*. Values for color L* of thepreform according to an embodiment of the invention can vary between66.0 and 82.0. Preferably, the minimum color value L* is at least 68.0,or at least 69.0, 70.0, 70.5, 70.75, or 71.0, which preferable maximamay be no greater than 80.0, 78.0, 76.0, 75.0, 74.0, 73.75, or 73.5. Thecolor of a desirable polyester composition may have an a* coordinatevalue preferably ranging from minus 4.4 to plus 1.6, or minus 2.0 toplus 0.5 or from minus 2.0 to plus 0.1. With respect to a b* coordinatevalue, a preform may have a b* value coordinate ranging from −8.6 to+10.2, or from −3.0, or from −1.5, to a positive value of less than 5.0,or less than 4.0, or less than 3.8, or 3.0 or less, or 2.6 or less.

Haze percentage values of preforms according to the invention may be upto 10%, preferably no more than 7%, or no more than 6.75, 6.5, 6.25, 6,5.75, 5.5, 5.25, or 5%. Any fractional diminution in these haze valuesof 0.2, 0.15, 0.10, or 0.05% may achieved according to embodiments ofthe invention.

The increased reheat temperature differential using the carbon blackaccording to the invention over resins without a reheat additive can beat least 4° C., more preferably at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, or 15° C. Fractions of these differentials are also achievable, suchas any combination of 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20,0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, and/or 0.50 with any of these reheatdifferentials. The desired reheat temperature differential may bebalanced against the L* color value by selecting the amount of carbonblack added (e.g. any amount described above), and optionally beselecting particular resin compositions, blends, and/or monomercomponents of these.

Using the carbon black with a particular average particle diameter in aparticular concentration, as defined above, a variety of optimizedproperties, including reheat performance, haze %, and color quality inpreforms can be achieved concurrently.

The present inventors have found that an optimum exists for maximizingpreform reheat temperature while maintaining good preform clarity and L*color value. Surprisingly, the carbon blacks according to the invention,particularly lamp black carbon blacks, provide a faster reheat than thefurnace carbon blacks, but show an improvement in haze at equivalentreheat temperatures compared to the thermal carbon blacks. Certainaspects of the invention are elucidated by the following example whichis not intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention.

Example

Resin samples were produced by mixing the specific carbon black powderwith ground PET resin containing no reheat additive to form amasterbatch. The masterbatch resin was then mixed into PET resincontaining no reheat additive using a twin screw extruder. Themasterbatch concentration was maintained in the twin screw extruderusing a loss-in-weight feeder set at a fixed ratio with the twin screwextruder feed rate. Each of the carbon black species was produced at twodifferent concentrations.

The carbon black species tested, each with the two differentconcentrations, are listed in the table below:

TABLE 1 Ex. Concentration Primary Particle No. Additive (ppm) Size (nm)1 Reduced Antimony Particles — — 2 No Reheat Additive — — 3 Thermalcarbon black 11 290 4 Thermal carbon black 5 290 5 Furnace carbon black4 25 6 Furnace carbon black 2 25 7 Lamp black carbon black 6 110 8 Lampblack carbon black 4 110 9 Furnace carbon black 5 60 10 Furnace carbonblack 3 60

Two resins, one with reduced antimony particles and another no reheatadditive, were used as controls for the example. Following the additionof the reheat additives, each resin was crystallized and solid stated ina rotary vacuum dryer to a final SSP IV of 0.80 dl/g.

The resins were processed into preforms using a single cavity Arburginjection machine with a 48 gram preform having a 4.06 mm thickness atthe 1.5 inches below the top of the finish. The preforms were processedat optimum injection molding conditions to yield preforms with novisible defects. A set of six preforms from each carbon black type wasmeasured for preform color and haze by Plastic Technologies, Inc. inHolland, Ohio.

The preforms from the resin set with reduced metallic antimony particleswere processed into 2-liter bottles with good material distribution toestablish the oven conditions for the reheat testing. The reheat testmeasured the preform temperature at the exit of the oven at a fixedposition and 1.5 inches below the top of the finish on the preform. Thepreform temperature was measured for each carbon black type at 60, 65,70, 75 and 80% oven output using three preforms per oven output. Theresulting linear equation of preform temperature versus oven output wasused to give a calculated preform temperature at 70% output.

FIG. 1 shows the relationship between preform temperature and preform L*color for each of the carbon black types. The figures show that therelationship between reheat rate and L* color is virtually the same forthe lamp black carbon black and the thermal carbon black. Both the lampblack carbon black and the thermal carbon black were much better thaneither furnace carbon black or the controls.

FIG. 2 shows the preform haze of each of the carbon black types at twoconcentrations. In this figure, the furnace carbon blacks have excellentclarity, but the lamp black carbon black shows additional improvementover the thermal carbon blacks.

FIGS. 3 and 4 show the preform L* color and reheat temperatures for eachof the carbon black types.

1. A resin composition, comprising: at least one selected from the groupconsisting of a polyester resin and a co-polyester resin; and a carbonblack with an average primary particle size in a range of 100 to 160nanometers.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carbon black ispresent in the resin at a concentration of from 1 ppm to 20 ppm byweight of the resin.
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carbonblack is present in the resin at a concentration of from 2 ppm to 10 ppmby weight of the resin.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein thecarbon black is a lamp black carbon black produced by a lamp blackprocess.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the average primaryparticle size of the carbon black is in a range of from 102 to 150 nm.6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the average primary particle sizeof the carbon black is in a range of from 105 to 145 nm.
 7. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the average primary particle size of thecarbon black is in a range of from 106 to 130 nm.
 8. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the carbon black is present in the resin at aconcentration of from 5 ppm to 8 ppm by weight of the resin.
 9. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the carbon black is present in the resinat a concentration of from 6.5 to 7.5 ppm by weight of the resin. 10.The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyester resin is present. 11.The composition of claim 1, wherein the co-polyester resin is present.12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyester resin and theco-polyester resin are present.
 13. The composition of claim 1, furthercomprising: a further resin.
 14. A method of producing the compositionof claim 1, the method comprising: combining the resin with the carbonblack.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the resin is in a form ofground resin and the carbon black is in a form of powder, the combiningcomprises mixing the powder with the ground resin.
 16. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the combining comprises contacting a dispersion,comprising the carbon black and a liquid, with a prepolymer of the resinduring production of the resin.
 17. A method of improving the reheat andcolor value L* of a preform, the method comprising: molding thecomposition of claim 1 into a preform.
 18. A preform, comprising thecomposition of claim
 1. 19. A bottle or container, comprising thecomposition of claim
 1. 20. A bottle or container, obtained from thepreform of claim 18.